UNIVERSITY    OF    CALIFORNIA 

COLLEGE   OF    AGRICULTURE 

AGRICULTURAL    EXPERIMENT   STATION 

BERKELEY,    CALIFORNIA 


THE  FEEDING  VALUE  OF  RAISINS 
AND  DAIRY  BY-PRODUCTS  FOR 
GROWING  AND  FATTENING  SWINE 


E.  H.  HUGHES 


BULLETIN  440 

November,  1927 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA  PRINTING  OFFICE 

BERKELEY,  CALIFORNIA 

1927 


Digitized  by  the  Internet  Archive 

in  2012  with  funding  from 

University  of  California,  Davis  Libraries 


http://www.archive.org/details/feedingvalueofra440hugh 


THE  FEEDING  VALUE  OF  RAISINS  AND  DAIRY 

BY-PRODUCTS  FOR  GROWING  AND 

FATTENING  SWINE 


E.  H.  HUGHESi 


INTRODUCTION 

With  the  idea  of  utilizing"  the  supply  of  low-grade  raisins  and 
making  available  a  feed  for  pork  producers,  experiments  to  determine 
the  value  of  cull  raisins  as  a  feed  for  swine  were  carried  out  by  the 
Division  of  Animal  Husbandry.  That  raisins  have  a  possibility  for 
this  purpose  is  shown  by  the  following  chemical  analysis:  moisture 
12.26  per  cent ;  ash  2.22  per  cent ;  crude  protein  3.63  per  cent ;  crude 
fiber  6.67  per  cent;  nitrogen-free  extract  11.61  per  cent;  fat  1.30 
per  cent ;  total  sugar  62.31  per  cent. 

Information  on  the  value  of  raisins  as  a  swine  feed  is  very  limited. 
In  1916  Thompson  and  Voorhies  of  this  station2  fed  one  lot  of  pigs 
equal  parts  of  rolled  barley  and  raisins  with  alfalfa  meal  in  the  pro- 
portion of  five  pounds  of  the  mixture  to  one  pound  of  the  meal. 
Another  lot  received  raisins  and  alfalfa  meal  in  equal  proportions. 
The  ration  fed  the  first  lot  gave  the  better  results."  Here  2.97  pounds 
of  raisins  had  a  feeding  value  equal  to  2.66  pounds  of  barley.  In  the 
second  ration,  raisins  were  not  so  efficient,  since  11.13  pounds  wrere 
required  to  equal  5.63  pounds  of  barley.  Moreover,  it  was  difficult  to 
keep  the  pigs  on  feed  with  this  ration,  and  they  scoured  severely  at 
times. 

Data  concerning  the  value  of  certain  dairy  by-products  as  protein 
supplements  to  barley  and  to  other  carbonaceous  concentrates  were 
also  obtained.  The  dairy  by-products  studied  were  skim  milk,  butter- 
milk, whey,  condensed  skim  milk,  and  condensed  whey. 

Five  experiments  were  conducted  at  the  California  Experiment 
Station  during  the  years  1923  and  1924,  the  results  of  which  are 
reported  in  this  publication. 


i  Associate  Professor  of  Animal  Husbandry  and  Associate  Animal  Husband- 
man in  the  Experiment  Station^ 

2  Thompson,  J.  I.,  and  Edwin  C.  Voorhies.  Hog  feeding  experiments.  Cali- 
fornia Agr.  Exp.  Sta.  Bui.  342:373-396.     1922. 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT  STATION 


FIRST   TRIAL 

This  experiment  was  conducted  to  obtain  information  on  the 
palatability  of  raisins  and  to  determine  their  value  as  a  carbohydrate 
feed  for  fattening  pigs.  This  trial  began  on  April  20,  1923,  and  closed 
on  May  25.  The  feeding  period  was  35  days.  The  pigs,  all  of  which 
had  been  farrowed  during  the  fall  of  1922,  were  divided  into  three  lots 
of  eight  each. 

Rations. — The  rations  fed  were  as  follows : 

Lot  1 :  rolled  barley  and  tankage,  fed  in  separate  self-feeders. 

Lot  2 :  rolled  barley,  raisins,  and  tankage  fed  in  separate  self- 
feeders. 

Lot  3 :  rolled  barley  one  part,  raisins  one  part,  skim  milk  three 
parts,  by  weight,  hand  fed  three  times  daily. 

Each  lot  of  pigs  had  access  to  one-fourth  of  an  acre  of  barley 
pasture.  The  pigs  were  taken  off  pasture  while  it  was  being  irrigated, 
May  7  to  May  9,  inclusive. 

Results. — While  the  results,  as  presented  in  table  1,  are  not  con- 
clusive, they  indicate  the  apparent  palatability  of  raisins  as  a  swine 
feed.  The  rate  of  gain  in  lots  2  and  3,  in  which  raisins  constituted  a 
part  of  the  ration,  was  greater  than  that  for  the  check  lot  fed  barley 
and  tankage.  A  comparison  of  the  amount  of  feed  for  100  pounds 
of  gain  in  lots  1  and  2  shows  that  the  former  group  consumed  slightly 
less  tankage  than  the  latter,  but  that  the  226.57  pounds  of  raisins  fed 
lot  2  reduced  materially  the  quantity  of  barley  necessary  for  this 
amount  of  gain. 

TABLE  1 
Summary  of  Eesults  of  First  Trial 


Average  initial 

Average  final 

Average  daily 

Feed  consumed  for 

Lot  No. 

Ration 

weight    • 

weight 

gain 

100  pounds  of  gain 

Pounds 

Pounds 

Pounds 

1 

Rolled  barley) 

Tankage f 

Rolled  barley) 

133.08 

192.17 

1.69 

f Rolled  barley,  418.08 
\  Tankage,  5.29 
[Rolled  barley,  240.89 

2 

Raisins > 

Tankage 1 

Rolled  barley) 

131.41 

194.25 

1.80 

\  Raisins,  226.57 
[Tankage,  12.93 
[Rolled  barley,  184.63 

3 

Raisins f 

Skim  milk J 

135.42 

210.84 

2.15 

\  Raisins,  184.63 
[Skim  milk,       1107.78 

The  pigs  in  lot  3  gained  more  rapidly  than  did  those  of  either  lots 
1  or  2,  and  the  amount  of  concentrates  consumed  was  less  than  for 
either  of  the  other  lots.  They  did,  however,  consume  a  considerable 
quantity  of  skim  milk,  in  addition  to  rolled  barley  and  raisins. 


BUL.  440]      RAISINS  AND  DAIRY  BY-PRODUCTS  FOR  FATTENING  SWINE 


SECOND    TRIAL 

The  feeding  period  of  the  first  trial  was  comparatively  short  and 
the  results  obtained  were  not  conclusive.  Additional  information 
seemed  necessary.  In  the  second  trial  the  Dairy  Industry  Division3 
provided  the  dairy  by-products  used  and  the  raisins  were  supplied  by 
the  Division  of  Viticulture  and  Fruit  Products. 

Nine  lots  of  ten  pigs  each  were  used  in  this  test.  These  pigs  were 
farrowed  in  March  and  April,  1923,  at  the  University  Farm.  They 
were  divided  as  carefully  as  possible  into  uniform  lots.  The  trial 
began  June  5,  1923.  Lots  4,  5,  6,  7,  and  8  were  discontinued  earlier 
than  the  others  because  they  gained  more  rapidly.  Their  final  weights 
were  taken  September  11,  1923.  The  feeding  period  for  these  lots 
was  therefore  98  days.  Lots  1,  2,  3,  and  9  were  discontinued  on 
September  25,  1923,  making  a  feeding  period  of  112  days. 

Rations. — The  rations  fed  the  various  lots  were  as  follows: 

Lot  1:  rolled  barley,  self  fed. 

Lot  2:  rolled  barley  and  tankage,  self  fed  in  separate  feeders. 

Lot  3:  rolled  barley,  raisins,  and  tankage,  self  fed  in  separate  feeders. 

Lot  4:  1  part  of  rolled  barley  and  3  parts  of  skim  milk  by  weight,  hand- 
fed  three  times  daily. 

Lot  5:  1  part  of  rolled  barley  and  3  parts  of  whey,  by  weight,  hand 
fed  three  times  daily. 

Lot  6:  1  part  of  rolled  barley  and  0.75  part  of  condensed  skim  milk, 
by  weight,  hand  fed  three  times  daily. 

Lot  7:  1  part  of  rolled  barley  and  0.75  part  of  condensed  whey,  by 
weight,  hand  fed  three  times  daily. 

Lot  8:  Y2  part  of  rolled  barley,  y2  part  of  raisins,  and  3  parts  of  skim 
milk,  by  weight,  hand  fed  three  times  daily. 

Lot  9:  y2  part  of  rolled  barley,  x/2  part  of  raisins,  and  3  parts  of  whey 
by  weight,  hand  fed  three  times  daily. 


TABLE  2 
Composition  of  Kolled  Barley,  Cull  Eaisins,  and  Tankage 


Feeds 

Moisture 

Ash 

Crude 
protein 

Crude 
fiber 

Nitrogen- 
free 
extract 

Fat 

Sucrose 

Dextrose 

Total 
sugar 

Rolled  barley .... 

10.20 
5.43 
12.26 

2.68 
27.06 

2.22 

10.69 

48.07 

3.63 

7.37 
1.41 

6.67 

66.47 
0.03 
11.61 

2.59 

18.00 

1.30 

1.66 

60.65 

Cull  raisins 

62.31 

s  G.  B.  Turnbow,  of  the  Bairy  Industry  Bivision,  and  A.  J.  Winkler,  of 
the  Viticulture  Bivision,  cooperated  in  this  trial.  The  author  wishes  to  express 
his  appreciation  for  their  suggestions,  advice,  and  help  in  this  part  of  the 
investigation. 


b  UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT  STATION 

The  skim  milk,  condensed  skim  milk,  whey,  and  condensed  whey, 
were  fed  sweet.  These  dairy  by-products  were  obtained  fresh  each 
day  from  the  University  Creamery.  The  specific  gravity,  and  the 
content  of  ash,  protein,  lactic  acid,  sugar,  and  total  solids  for  the 
skim  milk  and  whey  fed  were  practically  the  same  as  the  average  for 
these  feeds  given  by  Henry  and  Morrison.4  The  average  of  the  total 
solids  was  32  per  cent  for  both  the  condensed  skim  milk  and  the 
condensed  whey  fed. 

Results. — An  examination  of  table  3  verifies  the  fact  that  the  addi- 
tion of  a  nitrogenous  concentrate  or  a  dairy  by-product  to  a  barley 
ration  increases  the  rate  of  gain.  Lot  1,  fed  rolled  barley,  gained 
less  than  half  as  fast  as  did  the  other  lots.  The  pigs  in  lots  2  and  3, 
fed  tankage  with  barley  in  the  first  case,  and  barley  and  raisins  in 
the  second,  consumed  an  excessive  amount  of  tankage.  That  used  in 
this  test  was  of  low  grade,  having  a  guaranteed  protein  content  of 
only  45  per  cent.  The  addition  of  raisins  to  a  barley  and  tankage 
ration  increased  the  average  daily  gain ;  the  amount  of  feed  required 
for  100  pounds  of  gain,  however,  was  increased. 

TABLE  3 

Summary  of  Eesults  of  Second  Trial 


Lot  No. 


Rations 


Feeding 
period 

(days) 

Average 
initial 
weight 

Average 

final 
weight 

Average 
daily 
gain 

Pounds 

Pounds 

Pounds 

112 

47.87 

97.92 

0.447 

112 

51  4 

160.89 

0.978 

112 

52  0 

175.3 

1.101 

98 

54.33 

212.20 

1.611 

98 

53.53 

190.81 

1.401 

98 

54.8 

191.47 

1.395 

98 

52.87 

185.4 

1.352 

98 

54.53 

198.29 

1.467 

112 

54.07 

170.8 

1.042 

Feed  consumed 

for  100  lbs. 

of  gain 


Rolled  barley* 

Rolled  barley 

Tankage 

Rolled  barley 

Raisins 

Tankage 

Rolled  barley 

Skim  milk 

Rolled  barley 

Whey 

Rolled  barley 

Condensed  skim  milk 

Rolled  barley 

Condensed  whey 

Rolled  barley 

Raisins..... 

Skim  milk 

Rolled  barley 

Raisins 

Whey 


Barley, 
Barley, 
Tankage, 
Barley, 
Raisins, 
I  Tankage, 
Barley, 
Milk, 
Barley, 
Whey, 
Barley, 
Milk, 
Barley, 
Whey, 
Barley, 
Raisins, 
(Milk, 
Barley, 
Raisins, 


562.32 
369.24 

70.84 
227.77 
137.83 

97.02 
280.48 
841.45 
331.40 
994.19 
306.65 
230.02 
321.51 
241.13 
156.08 
156.08 
936.46 
195.24 
194.81 


Whey,     1171.42 


Self-fed. 


t  Hand-fed  three  times  daily. 


4  Henry,  W.  A.,  and  F.  B.  Morrison.  Feeds  and  feeding,  A  handbook  for  the 
student  and  stockman.  Appendix  I,  p.  709-721.  Henry-Morrison  Company, 
Madison,  Wisconsin.     1923. 


BUL.  440]      RAISINS  AND  DAIRY  BY-PRODUCTS  FOR  FATTENING  SWINE  7 

With  the  exception  of  lot  9,  which  was  fed  barley,  raisins,  and 
whey,  the  pigs  given  a  dairy  by-product  gained  more  rapidly  than 
did  those  in  lots  1,  2,  or  3.  When  raisins  were  added  to  a  ration  of 
barley  and  skim  milk  or  barley  and  whey  (lots  4  and  5  and  lots  8  and 
9),  the  amount  of  feed  required  for  100  pounds  of  gain  was  increased. 
The  addition  of  raisins  also  reduced  the  rate  of  gain.  However,  the 
pigs  in  lot  8  made  gains  of  nearly  one  and  one-half  pounds  per  head 
daily,  and  the  total  feed  consumed  for  100  pounds  of  gain  was  not 
much  greater  than  that  for  lot  4.  Lot  9  consumed  considerably  more 
feed  for  100  pounds  of  gain  than  lot  5. 

A  comparison  of  lot  4  (fed  barley  and  skim  milk),  and  lot  5  (fed 
barley  and  whey),  with  lot  6  (fed  barley  and  condensed  skim  milk) 
and  lot  7  (fed  barley  and  condensed  whey),  indicates  more  rapid 
gains  in  those  fed  skim  milk  and  whey.  The  feeding  of  barley  and 
skim  milk  resulted  in  more  efficient  gains  than  the  feeding  of  barley 
and  condensed  skim  milk. 

When  the  cost  of  condensing  was  added  to  the  original  cost  of  skim 
milk  and  whey,  the  gains  made  By  the  pigs  fed  the  condensed  products 
were  more  expensive. 

THIRD    TRIAL 

The  raisins  fed  in  the  third,  fourth,  and  fifth  trials  were  furnished 
by  the  Sun-Maid  Raisin  Growers'  Association  and  had  the  following 
average  composition:  moisture  15.70  per  cent;  ash  2.67  per  cent; 
protein  3.06  per  cent;  crude  fiber  1.20  per  cent ;  sugar  70.70  per  cent;, 
other  carbohydrates  and  acid  5.66  per  cent ;  and  fat  1.01  per  cent. 

This  trial  began  January  23, 1924,  and  closed  April  2.  The  feeding 
period  was  70  days.  There  were  five  lots  of  10  pigs  each,  and  one, 
lot  6,  of  only  9.  These  pigs  were  farrowed  in  September  and  October, 
1923.  One  pig  was  removed  from  lot  9  at  the  end  of  the  first  week  and 
was  disregarded  from  the  first.  All  were  fed  in  dry  lot.  During  the 
month  of  March  it  became  necessary  to  discontinue  feeding  skim  milk 
and  butter  milk.  For  a  time  tankage  was  substituted  in  lots  2,  4,  5, 
and  6. 

Rations. — The  rations  fed  were  as  follows: 
Lot  1:  rolled  barley  and  tankage  self  fed. 

Lot  2:   1  part  of  rolled  barley  to  3  parts  of  skim  milk  by  weight. 
Lot  3:  rolled  barley,  raisins,  and  tankage,  fed  in  separate  self-feeders. 
Lot  4:   1  part  of  rolled  barley  to  3  parts  of  buttermilk  by  weight. 
Lot  5:   3  parts  of  barley,  1  part  of  raisins,  and  12  parts  of  skim  milk, 

by  weight. 
Lot  6:   3  parts  of  barley,  1  part  of  raisins,  and  12  parts  of  buttermilk, 

by  weight. 


s 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT  STATION 


Results. — An  examination  of  table  4  discloses  the  fact  that  all 
except  lot  3  gained  more  rapidly  than  did  lot  1,  which  was  fed  rolled 
barley  and  tankage.  The  addition  of  raisins  to  a  ration  of  rolled 
barley  and  tankage  (lot  3)  reduced  the  rate  of  gain  and  increased 
the  amount  of  feed  required  for  100  pounds  of  gain.  The  pigs  in  lot  3, 
self  fed  barley,  raisins,  and  tankage,  consumed  about  80  per  cent  as 
much  raisins  by  weight,  as  barley.  A  comparison  of  lot  2  (fed  barley 
and  skim  milk),  with  lot  4  (fed  barley  and  buttermilk),  shows  the 
former  gained  more  rapidly  and  a  slightly  smaller  amount  of  feed  was 
required  for  100  pounds  of  gain.  Lots  5  and  6  required  about  the 
same  amount  of  feed  for  100  pounds  of  gain  and  experienced  about 
the  same  rates  of  gain. 

TABLE  4 
Summary  of  Results  of  Third  Trial 


Lot  No. 


Ration 


Rolled  barley 
Tankage 


Rolled  barley. 

Skim  milk 

Rolled  barley. 

Raisins 

Tankage 


Rolled  barley. 
Buttermilk 


Rolled  barley. 

Raisins 

Skim  milk 


Rolled  barley. 

Raisins 

Buttermilk 


Average  initial 
weight 


Pounds 

77.5 
77.1 

78.5 

77.8 

78.8 
76.8 


Average  final 
weight 


Bounds 
187.4 
206.9 

175.1 

198.3 

199.3 

200.4 


Average  daily 
gain 


Pounds 
1.57 
1.85 

1.38 

1.72 

1.72 

1.77 


Feed  consumed  for 
100  pounds  of  gain 


j  Barley, 
)  Tankage, 

Barley, 

Milk, 

*Tankage, 

Barley, 

Raisins, 

Tankage, 

Barley, 

Buttermilk, 

*Tankage, 

Barley, 

Raisins, 

Milk, 

Tankage, 

Barley, 

Raisins, 

Buttermilk, 

Tankage, 


49.86 

282.13 

582.90 

7.86 

276.56 

194.90 

53.59 

307.05 

557.76 

8.51 

232.47 

77.49 

634.73 

9.20 

241.17 

80.39 

581.64 

9.12 


*  Tankage  fed  because  dairy  by-products  were  unavailable  for  a  time. 

During  this  trial,  whenever  skim  milk  or  butter  milk  was  fed 
instead  of  tankage,  the  rate  of  gain  was  increased,  and  the  amount  of 
concentrates  required  for  100  pounds  of  gain  was  decreased. 


FOURTH    TRIAL 


Since  the  feeding  in  the  second  and  third  trials  was  done  in  dry 
lot,  it  was  thought  best  to  conduct  similar  feedings  on  alfalfa  pasture 
before  presenting  definite  conclusions.  In  this  fourth  trial  four  lots 
of  twelve  pigs  each,  farrowed  in  March  and  April,  1924,  were  self  fed 


BUL.  440]      RAISINS  AND  DAIRY  BY-PRODUCTS  FOR  FATTENING  SWINE  9 

raisins  and  other  feeds  on  alfalfa  pasture.  Each  lot  had  the  run  of 
one-half  acre  of  good  alfalfa  pasture.  The  trial  began  July  28,  1924. 
Lot  1  was  fed  for  98  days ;  lots  2,  3,  and  4  for  70  days.  The  pigs  were 
a  very  uniform  lot  of  purebred  Poland-Chinas,  well-grown  but  not  fat. 


Fig.  1. — Purebred  Poland-Chinas  at  the  beginning  of  the  fourth  trial,  showing 
uniformity  and  thrift  of  the  pigs  and  the  character  of  the  alfalfa  pasture. 


Fig.  2. — The  same  pigs  at  the  close  of  the  fourth  trial,  indicating  uniform 
size  and  excellent  condition.  The  alfalfa  pasture  still  shows  considerable 
growth. 


Rations. — The  rations  fed  were  as  follows : 

Lot  1:   15  parts  of  raisins  and  1  part  of  tankage,  by  weight,  mixed  and 
self  fed,  and  alfalfa  pasture. 


10 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT  STATION 


Lot  2:   7y2  parts  of  raisins,  7%  parts  of  rice  bran,  and  1  part  of  tankage, 

by  weight,  mixed  and  self  fed,  and  alfalfa  pasture. 
Lot  3:   5  parts  of  raisins,  5  parts  of  rolled  barley,  5  parts  of  rice  bran, 

and  1  part  of  tankage,  by  weight,  mixed  and  self  fed,  and  alfalfa 

pasture. 
Lot  4:   15  parts  of  rolled  barley  and  1  part  of  tankage,  by  weight,  mixed 

and  self  fed,  and  alfalfa  pasture. 

Results. — The  pigs  in  lot  1  (see  table  5)  gained  very  slowly  as 
compared  with  those  of  the  other  lots  and  were  not  as  well  finished 
at  the  end  of  a  98-day  feeding  period  as  the  others  at  the  conclusion 
of  a  70-day  period.  Moreover,  they  consumed  more  feed  than  any 
other  lot,  and  scoured  somewhat  throughout  the  test. 


TABLE  5 

Summary  of  Eesults  of  Fourth  Trial 


Lot  No. 

Ration 

Feeding 
period 

Average 
initial 
weight 

Average 

final 
weight 

Average 
daily 
gain 

Feed  consumed 

for  100  pounds 

of  gain 

Days 

Pounds 

Pounds 

Pounds 

Raisins, 

15.0\ 

1 

Tankage, 
Raisins, 

1.01 

7.5] 

98 

82.11 

163.72 

0.832 

596.84  (mixture) 

2 

Rice  bran, 
Tankage, 
Raisins, 
Rolled  barley, 

7.5^ 

To] 

5.0  i 

70 

81.39 

185.22 

1.483 

470.0  (mixture) 

3 

Rice  bran, 
Tankage, 
Rolled  barley, 

5.0  ( 

1.0 1 

llTol 

70 

82.28 

205.09 

1.76 

436.29  (mixture) 

4 

Tankage, 

1.0J 

70 

82.95 

198.83 

1.66 

385.18  (mixture) 

The  addition  of  rice  bran  to  a  ration  of  raisins  and  tankage  (lot  2) 
resulted  in  an  increase  in  the  average  daily  gain.  The  amount  of 
feed  required  for  100  pounds  of  gain  was  less. 

The  pigs  in  lot  3  made  the  most  rapid  gains  of  all  of  the  lots. 
The  addition  of  rolled  barley  to  a  ration  of  raisins,  rice  bran,  and 
tankage  also  resulted  in  reducing  the  amount  of  feed  required  for 
100  pounds  of  gain. 

While  lot  4  did  not  gain  so  rapidly  as  lot  3,  they  required  less  feed 
for  100  pounds  of  gain  than  did  any  of  the  other  lots. 

The  results  of  this  trial  indicate  that  a  ration  of  raisins  and  tank- 
age on  alfalfa  pasture  was  not  altogether  satisfactory.  The  addition 
of  raisins  and  rice  bran  to  a  barley  and  tankage  ration  on  alfalfa 
pasture  would  be  a  satisfactory  practice. 


BUL.  440]      RAISINS  AND  DAIRY  BY-PRODUCTS  FOR  FATTENING  SWIM; 


11 


FIFTH    TRIAL 

On  August  5,  1924,  a  group  of  84  pigs  bred  and  raised  at  the 
University  Farm  and  farrowed  in  March  and  April,  1924,  were  divided 
into  two  lots  of  42  pigs  each  and  were  fed  for  91  days.  The  trial 
was  concluded  and  final  weights  taken  November  4,  1924.  Lot  1  was 
fed  in  dry  lot  and  lot  2  on  alfalfa  pasture. 

Rations. — The  rations  for  the  lots  were  as  follows: 

Lot  1:   equal  parts  of  rolled  barley,  raisins,  and  rice  bran,  mixed  and 

fed  in  self-feeder,  and  tankage  fed  in  a  separate  self-feeder. 
Lot  2:   equal  parts  of  rolled  barley,  raisins,  and  rice  bran,  mixed   and 

fed  in  self-feeder,  tankage  fed  in  a  separate  self-feeder,  and  alfalfa 

pasture. 

TABLE  6 
Summary  of  Kesults  of  Fifth   Trial 


Lot  No. 

Number 
of  pigs 
in  lot 

Ration 

Average 
initial 
weight 

Average 

final 
weight 

Average 
daily 
gain 

Feed  consumed 

for  100  pounds 

of  gain 

42 

42* 

Pounds 

56.75 
56.79 

Pounds 
153  93 
186.58 

Pounds 
1.068 
1.43 

1 

Raisins 1 

/Mixture,  483  10 
\Tankage,   30.67 

/Mixture,  456  03 
\Tankage,     6  56 

2 

Tankage 1 

Same  as  above  plus  3) 
acres   alfalfa    pasture/ 

*  Only  39  pigs  actually  finished. 

Results. — The  addition  of  alfalfa  pasture  to  a  ration  of  rolled 
barley,  raisins,  rice  bran,  and  tankage  resulted  in  more  rapid  gains ; 
moreover,  for  each  100  pounds  of  gain  in  lot  2  it  replaced  27.07 
pounds  of  the  mixture  (rolled  barley,  raisins,  and  rice  bran,  equal 
parts  by  weight),  and  24.11  pounds  of  tankage.  The  small  amount  of 
tankage  consumed  by  the  pigs  in  lot  2  for  100  pounds  of  gain  is 
noteworthy. 


SUMMARY 

1.  Cull  or  damaged  raisins,  a  carbohydrate  feed  carrying  a  high 
percentage  of  sugar,  were  found  to  be  a  palatable  feed  for  swine. 

2.  llaisins,  when  fed  with  barley  and  some  nitrogenous  concen- 
trate, produced  satisfactory  gains  and  had  a  value,  when  fed  in  this 
manner,  somewhat  less  pound  for  pound  than  rolled  barley. 


12  UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT  STATION 

3.  The  addition  of  raisins  to  a  barley  and  tankage  ration  resulted 
in  a  slight  increase  in  total  feed  required  for  100  pounds  of  gain. 

4.  Pigs  fed  raisins  and  tankage  on  alfalfa  pasture  gained  very 
slowly  and  scoured  severely  at  times.  Such  a  ration  is  not  a  satis- 
factory one  when  rapid  gains  are  desired. 

5.  These  trials  indicate  that  less  barley  is  required  for  100  pounds 
of  gain  and  that  the  rate  of  gain  is  usually  more  rapid  when  dairy 
by-products  constitute  the  nitrogenous  supplement  than  when  tankage 
is  used  for  this  purpose. 

6.  A  ration  of  rolled  barley  15  parts,  tankage  1  part,  by  weight 
(see  table  6),  with  alfalfa  pasture  in  addition,  proved  more  efficient 
in  the  amount  of  feed  consumed  for  100  pounds  of  gain  than  a  ration 
of  rolled  barley  5  parts,  raisins  5  parts,  rice  bran  5  parts,  and  tankage 
1  part  by  weight.    The  average  daily  gain,  however,  was  less. 

7.  Alfalfa  pasture  was  a  valuable  addition  to  a  ration  of  barley, 
rice  bran,  raisins,  and  tankage. 


15m-ll,'27 


